AMJD Volume. 14, Issue 1 (2025)

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Contributor(s)

Kanabi Robert S
 

Keywords

National Security Culture Clan System Xeer Traditional Governance Islam Security Policy Customary Law Governance
 

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Cultural traditions and the national security of Somalia

Abstract: Somalia’s national security landscape is deeply shaped by its complex cultural heritage, which is grounded in clan-based social organization, the application of customary law (xeer), and Islamic principles. These traditional frameworks play a critical role in fostering social cohesion, local dispute resolution, and informal governance, particularly in regions where state structures are weak or absent. However, they also present significant challenges to the development of a centralized and cohesive national security system. This study examines the dual role of Somali cultural institutions in both promoting local stability and hindering national integration. It explores how these indigenous systems intersect with geographical vulnerabilities, external military interests, and fragile state-building processes. Employing a qualitative case study approach, and guided by a critical realist ontology and interpretivist paradigm, the research draws on data collected through expert interviews and the thematic analysis of primary and secondary sources. Results indicate that while elders and clan networks are instrumental in maintaining order and legitimacy at the local level, their autonomous operations often conflict with federal initiatives. The study reports a strong level of agreement among respondents (mean = 3.93) that cultural systems influence national security outcomes. Moreover, qualitative insights reveal that parallel authority structures, including clan militias and religious leadership, complicate national policymaking and undermine effective coordination with foreign actors. The findings highlight the urgent need to harmonize traditional mechanisms with formal institutions. The study concludes that culturally grounded strategies are essential for achieving inclusive and sustainable security in Somalia and recommends a policy framework that integrates traditional governance into national security planning.
 
 
 

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